[Answered]: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural…

Question 4 A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural district hospital in Ghana to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among adults aged 30 years and above. Blood pressure was measured once during a single OPD visit using manual sphygmomanometers. Data on lifestyle factors (diet, alcohol, physical activity) were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire administered by community health nurses. A) Identify and explain four (4) potential biases that could affect the validity of this study ( 8 marks). For each bias, describe how it might arise in this setting and its likely effect on the results ( 8 marks). B) For any two (2) of the biases identified, suggest specific strategies suitable for a resource-poor setting to minimize or control them. (4marks)